What is the federal law regarding student records?

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The "Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act" (referred to as FERPA and sometimes called the Buckley Amendment) was passed by Congress in 1974. FERPA and its regulations establish:

A student's right to inspect and review educational records that an educational institution is keeping on the student;
A student's right to challenge the content of his or her records;
A student's right to limit disclosure of his/her records;
The institution's obligation to notify students of their rights under FERPA and its regulations;
Recourse for students and the federal government when an educational institution violates the Act or regulations.